Words functioning simultaneously as negative operant reinforcers and unconditioned stimuli
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Safety signals as instrumental reinforcers during free-operant avoidance.
Safety signals provide "relief" through predicting the absence of an aversive event. At issue is whether these signals also act as instrumental reinforcers. Four experiments were conducted using a free-operant lever-press avoidance paradigm in which each press avoided shock and was followed by the presentation of a 5-sec auditory safety signal. When given a choice between two levers in Experime...
متن کاملConditional reinforcers and informative stimuli in a constant environment.
Five pigeons responded on steady-state concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food presentation in which half of the foods were removed and replaced with nonfood stimuli. Across conditions, the stimuli were either paired or unpaired with food, and the correlation between the ratio of food deliveries on the two alternatives and the ratio of nonfood stimuli was either -1, 0, ...
متن کاملLearning individual words and learning about words simultaneously
Children are guided by constraints and biases in word learning. In the case of the shape bias—the tendency to extend count nouns by similarity in shape—previous findings have revealed that learning plays an important role in its development (e.g., Smith et al., 2002). Some have proposed that children acquire inductive constraints like the shape bias by making inferences about observed data on m...
متن کاملComparing electric shock and a fearful screaming face as unconditioned stimuli for fear learning.
The potency of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can impact the degree of fear learning. One of the most common and effective UCSs is an electric shock, which is inappropriate for certain populations (e.g., children). To address this need, a novel fear learning paradigm was recently developed that uses a fearful female face and scream as the UCS. The present study directly compared the efficacy o...
متن کاملSign-tracking (autoshaping) in rats: a comparison of cocaine and food as unconditioned stimuli.
A series of experiments was performed to determine whether sign-tracking would occur in rats with intravenous (i.v.) cocaine as the unconditioned stimulus. In Experiment 1, a retractable lever paired with food produced strong sign-tracking, but a lever paired with one of three doses of i.v. cocaine did not elicit any approach or contact behavior. Experiment 2 demonstrated that doses of cocaine ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Psychonomic Science
سال: 1970
ISSN: 0033-3131
DOI: 10.3758/bf03329051